1.适配器模式
定义
将一个类的接口转换成客户希望的另一个接口。适配器模式让那些接口不兼容的类可以一起工作。
其包含适配器类(根据客户的需求,将适配者已有的接口转换成另一个接口)、适配者类(适配器包装的对象)。
以下以“表白暗语翻译器”为例:
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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
// 原有接口
class Target
{
public:
virtual ~Target() = default;
virtual std::string Answer() const
{
return "I love you\n";
}
};
// 需要通过适配器处理的适配者
class Adaptee
{
public:
std::vector<int> SpecialAnswer() const
{
return std::vector<int> {73,32,108,111,118,101,32,121,111,117};
}
};
// 适配器,需要继承默认接口,可以处理适配者,便于使用
class Adapter:public Target
{
private:
Adaptee *adaptee;
public:
Adapter(Adaptee *adaptee) : adaptee(adaptee) {}
// 实现对原有数据的解析
std::string Answer() const override
{
std::vector<int> ciphertext = this->adaptee->SpecialAnswer();
std::string cleartext;
for(int i:ciphertext)
{
cleartext += char(i);
}
return cleartext;
}
};
int main()
{
Target *target = new Target;
Adaptee *adaptee = new Adaptee;
std::cout<<"Target mode:"<<std::endl;
std::cout<<target->Answer();
std::cout<<"Adaptee mode:"<<std::endl;
Adapter *adapter = new Adapter(adaptee);
std::cout<<adapter->Answer();
}
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结果:
I Love you
I Love you
2.桥接模式
定义
将抽象部分与它的实现部分解耦,使得两者都能够独立变化。
具体来说,就是抽取其中一个维度并使之成为独立的类层次,这样就可以在初始类中引用这个新层次的对象, 从而使得一个类不必拥有所有的状态和行为。
桥接模式将两个独立变化的维度设计成两个独立的继承等级结构(而不会将两者耦合在一起形成多层继承结构),在抽象层将二者建立起一个抽象关联,该关联关系类似一座桥,将两个独立的等级结构连接起来。
其包含抽象类、实现类接口、扩充抽象类、具体实现类。
以下以“发行于Windows和Linux的不同游戏”为例:
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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
// 打个不恰当的比方,实现类相当于各式各样的软件,抽象类相当于各式各样的平台
// 实现类(接口)
class Game
{
public:
Game() {}
virtual void Play() const = 0;
virtual ~Game() {}
};
// 具体实现类
class GameA : public Game
{
public:
GameA() {}
void Play() const override
{
std::cout << "Play Game A" << std::endl;
}
};
// 具体实现类
class GameB : public Game
{
public:
GameB() {}
void Play() const override
{
std::cout << "Play Game B" << std::endl;
}
};
// 抽象类
class OS
{
public:
OS(){}
virtual void SetupGame(Game *game) = 0;
virtual void Play() = 0;
virtual ~OS(){}
protected:
Game *game;
};
// 扩充抽象类
class Windows:public OS
{
public:
Windows(){}
void SetupGame(Game *game) override
{
this->game = game;
}
void Play() override
{
std::cout<<"On Windows:";
this->game->Play();
}
};
// 扩充抽象类
class Linux:public OS
{
public:
Linux(){}
void SetupGame(Game *game) override
{
this->game = game;
}
void Play() override
{
std::cout<<"On Linux:";
this->game->Play();
}
};
int main()
{
Game *game;
OS *os;
game = new GameA();
os = new Windows();
os->SetupGame(game);
os->Play();
game = new GameB();
os = new Linux();
os->SetupGame(game);
os->Play();
delete game;
delete os;
}
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结果:
On Windows:Play Game A
On Linux:Play Game B
3.组合模式
组合多个对象形成树形结构以表示具有部分-整体关系的层次结构。组合模式让客户端可以统一对待单个对象和组合对象。
由抽象构件(提供公共接口)、叶子构件、容器构件(既可包含容器构件、也可包含叶子构件)。
以下以“电脑中的文件管理系统”为例:
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#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
// 组合模式很像电脑中文件和文件夹的管理系统
// 抽象构件
class Component
{
public:
Component() {}
Component(std::string name)
{
this->name = name;
}
virtual ~Component(){}
// 增加、移除叶子和容器组件的操作(此处为文件和文件夹)
virtual void add(Component *){};
virtual void remove(Component *){};
virtual void getInfo() const = 0;
std::string getName()
{
return name;
}
virtual int getSize()
{
return size;
}
protected:
std::string name;
int size;
};
// 叶子构件。注意叶子构件不支持add和remove方法
class File : public Component
{
public:
File() {}
File(std::string name, int size)
{
this->name = name;
this->size = size;
}
void getInfo() const override
{
std::cout << name << ':' << size << "KB" << std::endl;
}
};
// 叶子构件的具体类
class CppFile : public File
{
public:
CppFile(std::string name, int size)
{
this->name = name;
this->size = size;
}
};
// 叶子构件的具体类
class PythonFile : public File
{
public:
PythonFile(std::string name, int size)
{
this->name = name;
this->size = size;
}
};
// 容器构件,利用了递归算法搜索容器内的每一个构件
class Dir : public Component
{
public:
Dir(std::string name)
{
this->name = name;
this->size = 0;
}
void add(Component *c) override
{
componentList.push_back(c);
size += c->getSize();
}
void remove(Component *c) override
{
for (int i = 0; i < componentList.size(); i++)
{
if (componentList[i]->getName() == c->getName())
{
componentList.erase(componentList.begin() + i);
size -= c->getSize();
break;
}
}
}
// 遍历每一个组件的长度
int getSize() override
{
int subsize = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < componentList.size(); i++)
{
subsize += componentList[i]->getSize();
}
return subsize;
}
// 注意,允许递归搜索
void getInfo() const override
{
std::cout << name << ':' << size << "KB" << std::endl;
for (int i = 0; i < componentList.size(); i++)
{
((Component *)componentList[i])->getInfo();
}
}
private:
std::vector<Component *> componentList;
};
int main()
{
Component *root;
Component *Dir1, *Dir2, *Dir3;
Component *File1, *File2, *File3, *File4, *File5, *File6, *File7;
root = new Dir("root");
Dir1 = new Dir("CppFiles");
Dir2 = new Dir("PythonFiles");
Dir3 = new Dir("CppProject");
File1 = new File("test1.py", 2);
File2 = new File("test2.py", 10);
File3 = new File("test3.py", 3);
File4 = new File("test1.cpp", 2);
File5 = new File("test2.cpp", 1);
File6 = new File("source.h", 1);
File7 = new File("source.cpp", 4);
Dir3->add(File6);
Dir3->add(File7);
Dir1->add(Dir3);
Dir1->add(File4);
Dir1->add(File5);
Dir2->add(File1);
Dir2->add(File2);
Dir2->add(File3);
Dir2->remove(File3);
root->add(Dir1);
root->add(Dir2);
root->add(Dir3);
root->getInfo();
delete root;
delete Dir1;
delete Dir2;
delete Dir3;
delete File1;
delete File2;
delete File3;
delete File4;
delete File5;
delete File6;
delete File7;
}
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结果:
root:25KB
CppFiles:8KB
CppProject:5KB
source.h:1KB
source.cpp:4KB
test1.cpp:2KB
test2.cpp:1KB
PythonFiles:12KB
test1.py:2KB
test2.py:10KB
CppProject:5KB
source.h:1KB
source.cpp:4KB
4.装饰模式
定义
动态地给一个对象增加一些额外的职责。就扩展功能而言,装饰模式提供了一种比使用子类更加灵活的替代方案。
装饰模式是一种用于替代继承的技术。通过一种无须定义子类的方式给对象动态增加职责,使用对象之间的关联关系取代类之间的继承关系。
由抽象构件、具体构件、抽象装饰类、具体装饰类组成。
以下以“穿不同衣服的人”为例:
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#include<iostream>
#include<string>
// 抽象构件类,它是具体构件类和抽象装饰类的共同基类
class Component
{
public:
Component() {}
virtual void Operation() const = 0;
virtual ~Component() {}
};
// 具体构件类
class Person:public Component
{
public:
Person(std::string name)
{
this->name = name;
}
void Operation()const override
{
std::cout<<name<<std::endl;
}
private:
std::string name;
};
// 抽象装饰类。注意Decorator必须继承Component,这样才能实现连续装饰
class Decorator:public Component
{
public:
Decorator(){};
Decorator(Component *c)
{
this->component = c;
}
protected:
// 被装饰的对象
Component *component;
};
// 具体装饰类
class Shirt:public Decorator
{
public:
Shirt(Component *c)
{
this->component = c;
}
void Operation()const override
{
component->Operation();
std::cout<<"wear a shirt"<<std::endl;
}
};
// 具体装饰类
class Pants:public Decorator
{
public:
Pants(Component *c)
{
this->component = c;
}
void Operation()const override
{
component->Operation();
std::cout<<"wear pants"<<std::endl;
}
};
int main()
{
Component *c;
Component *shirt;
Component *pants;
// 注意添加装饰的过程
c= new Person("Alice");
shirt = new Shirt(c);
shirt->Operation();
std::cout<<std::endl;
pants = new Pants(shirt);
pants->Operation();
delete c;
delete shirt;
delete pants;
}
|
结果:
Alice
wear a shirt
Alice
wear a shirt
wear pants
5.外观模式
定义
为子系统中的一组接口提供一个统一的入口。外观模式定义了一个高层接口,这个接口使得这一子系统更加容易使用。
引入了外观类,原有的复杂的引用关系都由外观类实现,不同的客户端只需要与外观类交互。
内含外观角色和子系统角色。
以下以“Vscode中的编辑器和终端操作”为例:
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#include<iostream>
#include<string>
// 在进入和退出Vscode时,我们不需要了解其内部逻辑,只需要按下按钮与GUI进行交互
// 子系统
class TextEditor
{
public:
TextEditor(){}
void open()
{
std::cout<<"open the text editor"<<std::endl;
}
void close()
{
std::cout<<"close the text editor"<<std::endl;
}
};
// 子系统
class Terminal
{
public:
Terminal(){}
void open()
{
std::cout<<"open the terminal"<<std::endl;
}
void close()
{
std::cout<<"close the terminal"<<std::endl;
}
};
// 外观系统,使用者通过调用外观系统与子系统进行交互
class Facade
{
public:
Facade ()
{
textEditor = new TextEditor();
terminal = new Terminal();
}
~Facade ()
{
delete textEditor;
delete terminal;
}
void open()
{
textEditor->open();
terminal->open();
}
void close()
{
textEditor->close();
terminal->close();
}
private:
TextEditor* textEditor;
Terminal* terminal;
};
int main()
{
Facade *facade;
facade = new Facade();
facade->open();
facade->close();
delete facade;
}
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结果:
open the text editor
open the terminal
close the text editor
close the terminal
6.享元模式
运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度对象的复用。
享元模式通过共享技术实现相同或相似的细粒度对象的复用,提供一个享元池存储已经创建好的对象,并通过享元工厂类将享元对象提供给客户端使用。
可分为抽象享元类、具体享元类、非共享享元类和享元工厂类。
以下以“连接路由器和以太网的电脑”为例:
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#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
// 抽象享元类
class Device
{
public:
Device(){}
virtual ~Device(){}
virtual std::string getName() = 0;
};
// 具体享元类
class Ethernet:public Device
{
public:
Ethernet(){}
std::string getName() override
{
return "Ethernet ";
}
};
// 具体享元类
class Router:public Device
{
public:
Router(){}
std::string getName() override
{
return "Router ";
}
};
// 享元工厂,这里利用了单例模式
class Factory
{
public:
Device* getDevice(char ch)
{
if (ch == 'E')
{
return devicePool[0];
}
else if(ch == 'R')
{
return devicePool[1];
}
return nullptr;
}
// 单例模式的应用
static Factory* getFactory()
{
if (instance == nullptr)
{
instance = new Factory();
}
return instance;
}
private:
Factory ()
{
Ethernet *ethernet = new Ethernet();
Router *router = new Router();
devicePool.push_back(ethernet);
devicePool.push_back(router);
}
static Factory* instance;
std::vector<Device*> devicePool;
};
Factory* Factory::instance = nullptr;
int main()
{
Factory *factory = Factory::getFactory();
Device *device1,*device2,*device3,*device4;
device1 = factory->getDevice('E');
std::cout<<device1->getName()<<device1<<std::endl;
device2 = factory->getDevice('E');
std::cout<<device2->getName()<<device2<<std::endl;
device3 = factory->getDevice('R');
std::cout<<device3->getName()<<device3<<std::endl;
device4 = factory->getDevice('R');
std::cout<<device4->getName()<<device4<<std::endl;
delete device1;
delete device3;
delete factory;
}
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结果:
7.代理模式
定义
给某一个对象提供一个代理或占位符,并由代理对象来控制对原对象的访问。
代理对象可以屏蔽或删除客户不想访问的内容和服务,也可以根据客户需求增加新的内容和服务。
可分为抽象主题、真实主题和代理主题。
以下以“使用代理‘科学上网’”为例:
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#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
// 抽象主题角色
class Subject
{
public:
Subject(){}
virtual void method() = 0;
virtual ~Subject(){}
};
// 具体主题角色
class RealSubject:public Subject
{
public:
RealSubject()
{
}
void method() override
{
std::cout<<"Log in success!"<<std::endl;
}
};
// 代理角色
class Proxy:public Subject
{
public:
Proxy ()
{
realSubject = new RealSubject();
}
void method() override
{
std::cout<<"using Proxy..."<<std::endl;
realSubject->method();
}
~Proxy () override
{
delete realSubject;
}
private:
RealSubject *realSubject;
};
int main()
{
Subject *subject;
subject = new RealSubject();
subject->method();
std::cout<<std::endl;
subject = new Proxy();
subject->method();
delete subject;
}
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结果:
Log in success!
using Proxy…
Log in success!